Capital

Ulaanbaatar

Population

3.09 million (June, 2016, NSO) Largest ethnic groups: Khalkha – 82,4%, Kazakh – 3,86%, Durvud – 2,75%, Bayad – 2,15%, Buryat – 1,71%, Zakhchin – 1,25%, Dariganga – 1%, Uriankhai – 1%, other smaller groups are less than 1% respectively. 

Religion

Religious people – 61,4% (Buddhism – 86%, Muslim – 4,9%, Shaman – 4,7%, Christian 3,5%, others – 0.5%), Non-religious – 38,6%.

Area (in sq. km)

1,564,120. Mongolia is ranked in the 19th in the list of the countries by total area.

Language

Mongolian

Boundaries

Mongolia is bordered with Russian Federation (2,166 miles-3,485 km) to the North, with China (2,906 miles 4,677 km) to the East, South and West.

Economy

Capital Ulaanbaatar is the hub of most domestic and international trade and relations. Mongolia's economy is centered on agriculture and mining. Mongolia has rich mineral resources, and copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. The majority of the population outside urban areas participates in subsistence herding; livestock typically consists of sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels. Agricultural crops include wheat, barley, potato, vegetables, and tomato, watermelon, sea-buckthorn and fodder crops.

GDP growth in 2015 was 2.4%.

Export structure: Commodities – 82%, precious metal stones – 7%, textile – 6,7%.

Main export partners: China, Russia, Canada, UK, Russia

Major imports: Machinery and equipment, fuel comprise 58,6% of total imports, also, cars, food products, industrial customer goods, chemicals, building materials.

Main import partners: China, Russia, US, Japan, South Korea

Mongolia receives about 400.000 foreign visitors annually.  

Type of Governance

Parliamentary republic

Legislative branch: State Great Hural (Parliament), unicameral, 76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve for a term of four years

Executive branch: Prime Minister and Cabinet, appointed by the Parliament

Judicial branch (independent): Supreme Court, the highest court for the provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the President.

Head of State: President (symbolic), elected by popular vote to serve for a four-year term and can re-elected for the next term.

Foreign Policy

Mongolia pursues open, non-aligned, multi-pillar foreign policy. It develops friendly relations with all countries and encouraged pursuing active “third neighbor” policy. 

Defense

The Mongolian Armed Forces is tasked with protecting the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Mongolia. Defined as the peacetime configuration, its current structure consists of three branches: general purpose forces, border defense forces, and internal security forces.

Mongolian armed forces have been performing peacekeeping missions in South Sudan, Chad, Iraq, Afghanistan, and in Sierra Leone under the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Liberia. Recently, Mongolia deployed 900 troops to South Sudan and 240 troops to Afghanistan.